Mako/compiler/bytecode.go

package compiler

// Opcode represents a single bytecode instruction
type Opcode uint8

const (
	// Stack Operations
	OpLoadConst   Opcode = iota // Load constant onto stack [idx]
	OpLoadLocal                 // Load local variable [slot]
	OpStoreLocal                // Store top of stack to local [slot]
	OpLoadGlobal                // Load global variable [idx]
	OpStoreGlobal               // Store top of stack to global [idx]
	OpPop                       // Pop top value from stack
	OpDup                       // Duplicate top value on stack

	// Arithmetic Operations
	OpAdd // a + b
	OpSub // a - b
	OpMul // a * b
	OpDiv // a / b
	OpNeg // -a
	OpMod // a % b

	// Comparison Operations
	OpEq  // a == b
	OpNeq // a != b
	OpLt  // a < b
	OpLte // a <= b
	OpGt  // a > b
	OpGte // a >= b

	// Logical Operations
	OpNot // not a
	OpAnd // a and b
	OpOr  // a or b

	// Control Flow
	OpJump        // Unconditional jump [offset]
	OpJumpIfTrue  // Jump if top of stack is true [offset]
	OpJumpIfFalse // Jump if top of stack is false [offset]
	OpCall        // Call function [argCount]
	OpReturn      // Return from function
	OpReturnNil   // Return nil from function

	// Table Operations
	OpNewTable    // Create new empty table
	OpGetIndex    // table[key] -> value
	OpSetIndex    // table[key] = value
	OpGetField    // table.field -> value [fieldIdx]
	OpSetField    // table.field = value [fieldIdx]
	OpTableInsert // Insert value into table at next index

	// Struct Operations
	OpNewStruct   // Create new struct instance [structId]
	OpGetProperty // struct.field -> value [fieldIdx]
	OpSetProperty // struct.field = value [fieldIdx]
	OpCallMethod  // Call method on struct [methodIdx, argCount]

	// Function Operations
	OpClosure      // Create closure from function [funcIdx, upvalueCount]
	OpGetUpvalue   // Get upvalue [idx]
	OpSetUpvalue   // Set upvalue [idx]
	OpCloseUpvalue // Close upvalue (move to heap)

	// Array Operations
	OpNewArray    // Create new array with size [size]
	OpArrayAppend // Append value to array

	// Type Operations
	OpGetType // Get type of value on stack
	OpCast    // Cast value to type [typeId]

	// I/O Operations
	OpEcho // Echo value to output
	OpExit // Exit with code

	// Special Operations
	OpNoop     // No operation
	OpBreak    // Break from loop
	OpContinue // Continue loop iteration

	// Debug Operations
	OpDebugPrint // Debug print stack top
	OpDebugStack // Debug print entire stack
)

// Instruction represents a single bytecode instruction with operands
type Instruction struct {
	Op       Opcode
	Operands []uint16 // Variable length operands
}

// Chunk represents a compiled chunk of bytecode
type Chunk struct {
	Code      []uint8    // Raw bytecode stream
	Constants []Value    // Constant pool
	Lines     []int      // Line numbers for debugging
	Functions []Function // Function definitions
	Structs   []Struct   // Struct definitions
}

// Value represents a runtime value in the VM
type Value struct {
	Type ValueType
	Data any // Actual value data
}

// ValueType represents the type of a runtime value
type ValueType uint8

const (
	ValueNil ValueType = iota
	ValueBool
	ValueNumber
	ValueString
	ValueTable
	ValueFunction
	ValueStruct
	ValueArray
	ValueUpvalue
)

// Function represents a compiled function
type Function struct {
	Name       string  // Function name (empty for anonymous)
	Arity      int     // Number of parameters
	Variadic   bool    // Whether function accepts variable args
	LocalCount int     // Number of local variable slots
	UpvalCount int     // Number of upvalues
	Chunk      Chunk   // Function bytecode
	Defaults   []Value // Default parameter values
}

// Struct represents a compiled struct definition
type Struct struct {
	Name    string            // Struct name
	Fields  []StructField     // Field definitions
	Methods map[string]uint16 // Method name -> function index
	ID      uint16            // Unique struct identifier
}

// StructField represents a field in a struct
type StructField struct {
	Name   string    // Field name
	Type   ValueType // Field type
	Offset uint16    // Offset in struct layout
}

// Table represents a key-value table/map
type Table struct {
	Array map[int]Value    // Array part (integer keys)
	Hash  map[string]Value // Hash part (string keys)
	Meta  *Table           // Metatable for operations
}

// Array represents a dynamic array
type Array struct {
	Elements []Value // Array elements
	Count    int     // Current element count
	Capacity int     // Current capacity
}

// StructInstance represents an instance of a struct
type StructInstance struct {
	StructID uint16           // Reference to struct definition
	Fields   map[string]Value // Field values
}

// Upvalue represents a captured variable
type Upvalue struct {
	Location *Value // Pointer to actual value location
	Closed   Value  // Closed-over value (when moved to heap)
	IsClosed bool   // Whether upvalue has been closed
}

// Instruction encoding helpers

// EncodeInstruction encodes an instruction into bytecode
func EncodeInstruction(op Opcode, operands ...uint16) []uint8 {
	bytes := []uint8{uint8(op)}
	for _, operand := range operands {
		bytes = append(bytes, uint8(operand&0xFF), uint8(operand>>8))
	}
	return bytes
}

// DecodeInstruction decodes bytecode into instruction
func DecodeInstruction(code []uint8, offset int) (Opcode, []uint16, int) {
	if offset >= len(code) {
		return OpNoop, nil, offset
	}

	op := Opcode(code[offset])
	operands := []uint16{}
	nextOffset := offset + 1

	// Decode operands based on instruction type
	operandCount := GetOperandCount(op)
	for range operandCount {
		if nextOffset+1 >= len(code) {
			break
		}
		operand := uint16(code[nextOffset]) | (uint16(code[nextOffset+1]) << 8)
		operands = append(operands, operand)
		nextOffset += 2
	}

	return op, operands, nextOffset
}

// GetOperandCount returns the number of operands for an instruction
func GetOperandCount(op Opcode) int {
	switch op {
	case OpLoadConst, OpLoadLocal, OpStoreLocal, OpLoadGlobal, OpStoreGlobal:
		return 1
	case OpJump, OpJumpIfTrue, OpJumpIfFalse:
		return 1
	case OpCall, OpNewStruct, OpGetField, OpSetField, OpGetProperty, OpSetProperty:
		return 1
	case OpCallMethod:
		return 2
	case OpClosure:
		return 2
	case OpNewArray, OpCast:
		return 1
	default:
		return 0
	}
}

// Instruction size calculation
func InstructionSize(op Opcode) int {
	return 1 + (GetOperandCount(op) * 2) // 1 byte opcode + 2 bytes per operand
}