diff --git a/runner/lua/sqlite.lua b/runner/lua/sqlite.lua
index 0adf5f4..dc30e89 100644
--- a/runner/lua/sqlite.lua
+++ b/runner/lua/sqlite.lua
@@ -27,20 +27,37 @@ local connection_mt = {
 				error("connection:query: query must be a string", 2)
 			end
 
-			-- Handle params (named or positional)
-			local processed_params = handle_params(params, ...)
+			-- Fast path for no parameters
+			if params == nil and select('#', ...) == 0 then
+				return __sqlite_query(self.db_name, query, nil, self.id)
+			end
 
-			-- Call with appropriate arguments
-			if type(processed_params) == "table" and processed_params[1] ~= nil then
-				-- Positional parameters - insert self.db_name and query at the beginning
-				table.insert(processed_params, 1, query)
-				table.insert(processed_params, 1, self.db_name)
-				-- Add connection ID at the end
-				table.insert(processed_params, self.id)
-				return __sqlite_query(unpack(processed_params))
+			-- Handle various parameter types efficiently
+			if type(params) == "table" then
+				-- If it's an array-like table with numeric keys
+				if params[1] ~= nil then
+					-- For positional parameters, we want to include the required prefix args
+					local args = {self.db_name, query}
+					-- Append all parameters
+					for i=1, #params do
+						args[i+2] = params[i]
+					end
+					-- Add connection ID
+					args[#args+1] = self.id
+					return __sqlite_query(unpack(args))
+				else
+					-- Named parameters
+					return __sqlite_query(self.db_name, query, params, self.id)
+				end
 			else
-				-- Named parameters or no parameters
-				return __sqlite_query(self.db_name, query, processed_params, self.id)
+				-- Variadic parameters, combine with first param
+				local args = {self.db_name, query, params}
+				local n = select('#', ...)
+				for i=1, n do
+					args[i+3] = select(i, ...)
+				end
+				args[#args+1] = self.id
+				return __sqlite_query(unpack(args))
 			end
 		end,
 
@@ -50,20 +67,37 @@ local connection_mt = {
 				error("connection:exec: query must be a string", 2)
 			end
 
-			-- Handle params (named or positional)
-			local processed_params = handle_params(params, ...)
+			-- Fast path for no parameters
+			if params == nil and select('#', ...) == 0 then
+				return __sqlite_exec(self.db_name, query, nil, self.id)
+			end
 
-			-- Call with appropriate arguments
-			if type(processed_params) == "table" and processed_params[1] ~= nil then
-				-- Positional parameters - insert self.db_name and query at the beginning
-				table.insert(processed_params, 1, query)
-				table.insert(processed_params, 1, self.db_name)
-				-- Add connection ID at the end
-				table.insert(processed_params, self.id)
-				return __sqlite_exec(unpack(processed_params))
+			-- Handle various parameter types efficiently
+			if type(params) == "table" then
+				-- If it's an array-like table with numeric keys
+				if params[1] ~= nil then
+					-- For positional parameters, we want to include the required prefix args
+					local args = {self.db_name, query}
+					-- Append all parameters
+					for i=1, #params do
+						args[i+2] = params[i]
+					end
+					-- Add connection ID
+					args[#args+1] = self.id
+					return __sqlite_exec(unpack(args))
+				else
+					-- Named parameters
+					return __sqlite_exec(self.db_name, query, params, self.id)
+				end
 			else
-				-- Named parameters or no parameters
-				return __sqlite_exec(self.db_name, query, processed_params, self.id)
+				-- Variadic parameters, combine with first param
+				local args = {self.db_name, query, params}
+				local n = select('#', ...)
+				for i=1, n do
+					args[i+3] = select(i, ...)
+				end
+				args[#args+1] = self.id
+				return __sqlite_exec(unpack(args))
 			end
 		end,
 
@@ -79,7 +113,7 @@ local connection_mt = {
 					local index_type, index_def = def:match("^(UNIQUE%s+INDEX:|INDEX:)(.+)")
 
 					if index_def then
-						-- Parse index definition: INDEX:idx_name(col1,col2)
+						-- Parse index definition
 						local index_name, columns_str = index_def:match("([%w_]+)%(([^)]+)%)")
 
 						if index_name and columns_str then
@@ -106,34 +140,32 @@ local connection_mt = {
 				error("connection:create_table: no columns specified", 2)
 			end
 
-			-- Create the table
-			local query = string.format("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS %s (%s)",
-				table_name, table.concat(columns, ", "))
+			-- Build combined statement for table and indices
+			local statements = {}
 
-			local result = self:exec(query)
+			-- Add the CREATE TABLE statement
+			table.insert(statements, string.format(
+				"CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS %s (%s)",
+				table_name,
+				table.concat(columns, ", ")
+			))
 
-			-- Create indices
-			if #indices > 0 then
-				self:begin()
+			-- Add CREATE INDEX statements
+			for _, idx in ipairs(indices) do
+				local unique = idx.unique and "UNIQUE " or ""
 
-				for _, idx in ipairs(indices) do
-					local unique = idx.unique and "UNIQUE " or ""
-
-					local index_query = string.format(
-						"CREATE %sINDEX IF NOT EXISTS %s ON %s (%s)",
-						unique,
-						idx.name,
-						table_name,
-						table.concat(idx.columns, ", ")
-					)
-
-					self:exec(index_query)
-				end
-
-				self:commit()
+				table.insert(statements, string.format(
+					"CREATE %sINDEX IF NOT EXISTS %s ON %s (%s)",
+					unique,
+					idx.name,
+					table_name,
+					table.concat(idx.columns, ", ")
+				))
 			end
 
-			return result
+			-- Execute all statements in a single transaction
+			local combined_sql = table.concat(statements, ";\n")
+			return self:exec(combined_sql)
 		end,
 
 		-- Insert a row or multiple rows
@@ -142,43 +174,58 @@ local connection_mt = {
 				error("connection:insert: data must be a table", 2)
 			end
 
+			-- Case 1: Named columns with array data
 			if columns and type(columns) == "table" then
-				local placeholders = {}
-				for _ in ipairs(columns) do
-					table.insert(placeholders, "?")
-				end
-
-				local query = string.format(
-					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) VALUES (%s)",
-					table_name,
-					table.concat(columns, ", "),
-					table.concat(placeholders, ", ")
-				)
-
-				local use_transaction = #data > 1 and type(data[1]) == "table"
-
-				if use_transaction then
-					self:begin()
-				end
-
-				local affected = 0
-
+				-- Check if we have multiple rows
 				if #data > 0 and type(data[1]) == "table" then
-					for _, row in ipairs(data) do
-						local result = self:exec(query, row)
-						affected = affected + result
+					-- Build a single multi-value INSERT
+					local placeholders = {}
+					local values = {}
+					local params = {}
+					local param_index = 1
+
+					for i, row in ipairs(data) do
+						local row_placeholders = {}
+						for j, _ in ipairs(columns) do
+							local param_name = "p" .. param_index
+							table.insert(row_placeholders, ":" .. param_name)
+							params[param_name] = row[j]
+							param_index = param_index + 1
+						end
+						table.insert(placeholders, "(" .. table.concat(row_placeholders, ", ") .. ")")
 					end
+
+					local query = string.format(
+						"INSERT INTO %s (%s) VALUES %s",
+						table_name,
+						table.concat(columns, ", "),
+						table.concat(placeholders, ", ")
+					)
+
+					return self:exec(query, params)
 				else
-					affected = self:exec(query, data)
-				end
+					-- Single row with defined columns
+					local placeholders = {}
+					local params = {}
 
-				if use_transaction then
-					self:commit()
-				end
+					for i, col in ipairs(columns) do
+						local param_name = "p" .. i
+						table.insert(placeholders, ":" .. param_name)
+						params[param_name] = data[i]
+					end
 
-				return affected
+					local query = string.format(
+						"INSERT INTO %s (%s) VALUES (%s)",
+						table_name,
+						table.concat(columns, ", "),
+						table.concat(placeholders, ", ")
+					)
+
+					return self:exec(query, params)
+				end
 			end
 
+			-- Case 2: Object-style single row {col1=val1, col2=val2}
 			if data[1] == nil and next(data) ~= nil then
 				local columns = {}
 				local placeholders = {}
@@ -186,8 +233,9 @@ local connection_mt = {
 
 				for col, val in pairs(data) do
 					table.insert(columns, col)
-					table.insert(placeholders, ":" .. col)
-					params[":" .. col] = val
+					local param_name = "p" .. #columns
+					table.insert(placeholders, ":" .. param_name)
+					params[param_name] = val
 				end
 
 				local query = string.format(
@@ -200,34 +248,74 @@ local connection_mt = {
 				return self:exec(query, params)
 			end
 
+			-- Case 3: Array of rows without predefined columns
 			if #data > 0 and type(data[1]) == "table" then
-				self:begin()
-				local affected = 0
+				-- Extract columns from the first row
+				local first_row = data[1]
+				local inferred_columns = {}
 
-				for _, row in ipairs(data) do
-					local result = self:insert(table_name, row)
-					affected = affected + result
+				-- Determine if first row is array or object
+				local is_array = first_row[1] ~= nil
+
+				if is_array then
+					-- Cannot infer column names from array
+					error("connection:insert: column names required for array data", 2)
+				else
+					-- Get columns from object keys
+					for col, _ in pairs(first_row) do
+						table.insert(inferred_columns, col)
+					end
+
+					-- Build multi-value INSERT
+					local placeholders = {}
+					local params = {}
+					local param_index = 1
+
+					for _, row in ipairs(data) do
+						local row_placeholders = {}
+						for _, col in ipairs(inferred_columns) do
+							local param_name = "p" .. param_index
+							table.insert(row_placeholders, ":" .. param_name)
+							params[param_name] = row[col]
+							param_index = param_index + 1
+						end
+						table.insert(placeholders, "(" .. table.concat(row_placeholders, ", ") .. ")")
+					end
+
+					local query = string.format(
+						"INSERT INTO %s (%s) VALUES %s",
+						table_name,
+						table.concat(inferred_columns, ", "),
+						table.concat(placeholders, ", ")
+					)
+
+					return self:exec(query, params)
 				end
-
-				self:commit()
-				return affected
 			end
 
 			error("connection:insert: invalid data format", 2)
 		end,
 
 		-- Update rows
-		update = function(self, table_name, data, where, where_params)
+		update = function(self, table_name, data, where, where_params, ...)
 			if type(data) ~= "table" then
 				error("connection:update: data must be a table", 2)
 			end
 
+			-- Fast path for when there's no data
+			if next(data) == nil then
+				return 0
+			end
+
 			local sets = {}
 			local params = {}
+			local param_index = 1
 
 			for col, val in pairs(data) do
-				table.insert(sets, col .. " = :" .. col)
-				params[col] = val
+				local param_name = "p" .. param_index
+				table.insert(sets, col .. " = :" .. param_name)
+				params[param_name] = val
+				param_index = param_index + 1
 			end
 
 			local query = string.format(
@@ -240,8 +328,53 @@ local connection_mt = {
 				query = query .. " WHERE " .. where
 
 				if where_params then
-					for k, v in pairs(where_params) do
-						params[k] = v
+					if type(where_params) == "table" then
+						-- Handle named parameters in WHERE clause
+						for k, v in pairs(where_params) do
+							local param_name
+							if type(k) == "string" and k:sub(1, 1) == ":" then
+								param_name = k:sub(2)
+							else
+								param_name = "w" .. param_index
+								-- Replace the placeholder in the WHERE clause
+								where = where:gsub(":" .. k, ":" .. param_name)
+							end
+							params[param_name] = v
+							param_index = param_index + 1
+						end
+					else
+						-- Handle positional parameters (? placeholders)
+						local args = {where_params, ...}
+						local pos = 1
+						local offset = 0
+
+						-- Replace ? with named parameters
+						while true do
+							local start_pos, end_pos = where:find("?", pos)
+							if not start_pos then break end
+
+							local param_name = "w" .. param_index
+							local replacement = ":" .. param_name
+
+							where = where:sub(1, start_pos - 1) .. replacement .. where:sub(end_pos + 1)
+
+							if args[pos - offset] ~= nil then
+								params[param_name] = args[pos - offset]
+							else
+								params[param_name] = nil
+							end
+
+							param_index = param_index + 1
+							pos = start_pos + #replacement
+							offset = offset + 1
+						end
+
+						query = string.format(
+							"UPDATE %s SET %s WHERE %s",
+							table_name,
+							table.concat(sets, ", "),
+							where
+						)
 					end
 				end
 			end
@@ -260,15 +393,25 @@ local connection_mt = {
 			return self:exec(query, params)
 		end,
 
-		-- Get one row
+		-- Get one row efficiently
 		get_one = function(self, query, params, ...)
-			-- Handle both named and positional parameters
+			if type(query) ~= "string" then
+				error("connection:get_one: query must be a string", 2)
+			end
+
+			-- Add LIMIT 1 to query if not already limited
+			local limited_query = query
+			if not query:lower():match("limit%s+%d+") then
+				limited_query = query .. " LIMIT 1"
+			end
+
 			local results
 			if select('#', ...) > 0 then
-				results = self:query(query, params, ...)
+				results = self:query(limited_query, params, ...)
 			else
-				results = self:query(query, params)
+				results = self:query(limited_query, params)
 			end
+
 			return results[1]
 		end,
 
diff --git a/runner/sqlite.go b/runner/sqlite.go
index a93db12..38a8f4c 100644
--- a/runner/sqlite.go
+++ b/runner/sqlite.go
@@ -13,16 +13,13 @@ import (
 
 	"Moonshark/utils/logger"
 
-	"maps"
-
 	luajit "git.sharkk.net/Sky/LuaJIT-to-Go"
 )
 
 // SQLiteConnection tracks an active connection
 type SQLiteConnection struct {
-	DbName string
-	Conn   *sqlite.Conn
-	Pool   *sqlitex.Pool
+	Conn *sqlite.Conn
+	Pool *sqlitex.Pool
 }
 
 // SQLiteManager handles database connections
@@ -54,7 +51,6 @@ func CleanupSQLite() {
 	sqliteManager.mu.Lock()
 	defer sqliteManager.mu.Unlock()
 
-	// Release all connections and close pools
 	for id, conn := range sqliteManager.activeConns {
 		if conn.Pool != nil {
 			conn.Pool.Put(conn.Conn)
@@ -79,9 +75,6 @@ func ReleaseActiveConnections(state *luajit.State) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	sqliteManager.mu.Lock()
-	defer sqliteManager.mu.Unlock()
-
 	// Get active connections table from Lua
 	state.GetGlobal("__active_sqlite_connections")
 	if !state.IsTable(-1) {
@@ -89,6 +82,9 @@ func ReleaseActiveConnections(state *luajit.State) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	sqliteManager.mu.Lock()
+	defer sqliteManager.mu.Unlock()
+
 	// Iterate through active connections
 	state.PushNil() // Start iteration
 	for state.Next(-2) {
@@ -113,8 +109,8 @@ func ReleaseActiveConnections(state *luajit.State) {
 	state.SetGlobal("__active_sqlite_connections")
 }
 
-// getPool returns a connection pool for the specified database
-func getPool(dbName string) (*sqlitex.Pool, error) {
+// getConnection returns a connection for the database
+func getConnection(dbName, connID string) (*sqlite.Conn, error) {
 	if sqliteManager == nil {
 		return nil, errors.New("SQLite not initialized")
 	}
@@ -125,326 +121,325 @@ func getPool(dbName string) (*sqlitex.Pool, error) {
 		return nil, errors.New("invalid database name")
 	}
 
-	// Check for existing pool with read lock
+	// Check for existing connection
 	sqliteManager.mu.RLock()
-	pool, exists := sqliteManager.pools[dbName]
-	sqliteManager.mu.RUnlock()
+	conn, exists := sqliteManager.activeConns[connID]
 	if exists {
-		return pool, nil
+		sqliteManager.mu.RUnlock()
+		return conn.Conn, nil
 	}
+	sqliteManager.mu.RUnlock()
 
-	// Create new pool with write lock
+	// Get or create pool under write lock
 	sqliteManager.mu.Lock()
 	defer sqliteManager.mu.Unlock()
 
-	// Double check if another goroutine created it
-	if pool, exists = sqliteManager.pools[dbName]; exists {
-		return pool, nil
+	// Double-check if a connection was created while waiting for lock
+	if conn, exists = sqliteManager.activeConns[connID]; exists {
+		return conn.Conn, nil
 	}
 
-	// Create database file path and pool
-	dbPath := filepath.Join(sqliteManager.dataDir, dbName+".db")
-	pool, err := sqlitex.NewPool(dbPath, sqlitex.PoolOptions{})
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open database: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	sqliteManager.pools[dbName] = pool
-	return pool, nil
-}
-
-// getConnection returns a connection from the pool
-func getConnection(dbName string, connID string) (*sqlite.Conn, *sqlitex.Pool, error) {
-	// Check for existing connection first
-	sqliteManager.mu.RLock()
-	conn, exists := sqliteManager.activeConns[connID]
-	sqliteManager.mu.RUnlock()
-
-	if exists {
-		return conn.Conn, conn.Pool, nil
-	}
-
-	// Get the pool
-	pool, err := getPool(dbName)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
+	// Get or create pool
+	pool, exists := sqliteManager.pools[dbName]
+	if !exists {
+		dbPath := filepath.Join(sqliteManager.dataDir, dbName+".db")
+		var err error
+		pool, err = sqlitex.NewPool(dbPath, sqlitex.PoolOptions{})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open database: %w", err)
+		}
+		sqliteManager.pools[dbName] = pool
 	}
 
 	// Get a connection
 	dbConn, err := pool.Take(context.Background())
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get connection from pool: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get connection from pool: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Store connection
-	sqliteManager.mu.Lock()
 	sqliteManager.activeConns[connID] = &SQLiteConnection{
-		DbName: dbName,
-		Conn:   dbConn,
-		Pool:   pool,
+		Conn: dbConn,
+		Pool: pool,
 	}
-	sqliteManager.mu.Unlock()
 
-	return dbConn, pool, nil
+	return dbConn, nil
 }
 
-// processParams extracts parameters and connection ID from Lua state
-func processParams(state *luajit.State, defaultConnID string) (params any, connID string, isPositional bool, positionalParams []any, err error) {
-	connID = defaultConnID
-
-	// Check if using positional parameters
-	if state.GetTop() >= 3 && !state.IsTable(3) {
-		isPositional = true
-		paramCount := state.GetTop() - 2 // Count all args after db and query
-
-		// Check if last param is a connection ID
-		lastIdx := paramCount + 2 // db(1) + query(2) + paramCount
-		if paramCount > 0 && state.IsString(lastIdx) && state.GetType(lastIdx-1) != state.GetType(lastIdx) {
-			connID = state.ToString(lastIdx)
-			paramCount-- // Exclude connID from param count
-		}
-
-		// Create array for positional parameters
-		positionalParams = make([]any, paramCount)
-
-		// Collect all parameters
-		for i := 0; i < paramCount; i++ {
-			paramIdx := i + 3 // Params start at index 3
-			switch state.GetType(paramIdx) {
-			case luajit.TypeNumber:
-				positionalParams[i] = state.ToNumber(paramIdx)
-			case luajit.TypeString:
-				positionalParams[i] = state.ToString(paramIdx)
-			case luajit.TypeBoolean:
-				positionalParams[i] = state.ToBoolean(paramIdx)
-			case luajit.TypeNil:
-				positionalParams[i] = nil
-			default:
-				val, errConv := state.ToValue(paramIdx)
-				if errConv != nil {
-					return nil, "", false, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to convert parameter %d: %w", i+1, errConv)
-				}
-				positionalParams[i] = val
-			}
-		}
-		return nil, connID, isPositional, positionalParams, nil
+// releaseConnection returns a connection to its pool
+func releaseConnection(connID string) {
+	if sqliteManager == nil {
+		return
 	}
 
-	// Named parameter handling
-	if state.GetTop() >= 4 && !state.IsNil(4) && state.IsString(4) {
-		connID = state.ToString(4)
+	sqliteManager.mu.Lock()
+	defer sqliteManager.mu.Unlock()
+
+	conn, exists := sqliteManager.activeConns[connID]
+	if !exists {
+		return
 	}
 
-	// Get table parameters if present
-	if state.GetTop() >= 3 && !state.IsNil(3) && state.IsTable(3) {
-		params, err = state.ToTable(3)
+	if conn.Pool != nil {
+		conn.Pool.Put(conn.Conn)
 	}
-
-	return params, connID, isPositional, nil, err
+	delete(sqliteManager.activeConns, connID)
 }
 
-// prepareExecOptions prepares SQLite execution options based on parameters
-func prepareExecOptions(query string, params any, isPositional bool, positionalParams []any) *sqlitex.ExecOptions {
-	execOpts := &sqlitex.ExecOptions{}
-
-	if params == nil && !isPositional {
-		return execOpts
-	}
-
-	// Prepare parameters
-	isArray := false
-	var namedParams map[string]any
-	var arrParams []any
-
-	// Check for array parameters
-	if m, ok := params.(map[string]any); ok {
-		if arr, hasArray := m[""]; hasArray {
-			isArray = true
-			if slice, ok := arr.([]any); ok {
-				arrParams = slice
-			} else if floatSlice, ok := arr.([]float64); ok {
-				arrParams = make([]any, len(floatSlice))
-				for i, v := range floatSlice {
-					arrParams[i] = v
-				}
-			}
-		} else {
-			// Process named parameters
-			namedParams = make(map[string]any, len(m))
-			for k, v := range m {
-				if len(k) > 0 && k[0] != ':' {
-					namedParams[":"+k] = v
-				} else {
-					namedParams[k] = v
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	} else if slice, ok := params.([]any); ok {
-		isArray = true
-		arrParams = slice
-	} else if floatSlice, ok := params.([]float64); ok {
-		isArray = true
-		arrParams = make([]any, len(floatSlice))
-		for i, v := range floatSlice {
-			arrParams[i] = v
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Use positional params if explicitly provided
-	if isPositional {
-		arrParams = positionalParams
-		isArray = true
-	}
-
-	// Limit positional params to actual placeholders
-	if isArray && arrParams != nil {
-		placeholderCount := strings.Count(query, "?")
-		if len(arrParams) > placeholderCount {
-			arrParams = arrParams[:placeholderCount]
-		}
-		execOpts.Args = arrParams
-	} else if namedParams != nil {
-		execOpts.Named = namedParams
-	}
-
-	return execOpts
-}
-
-// sqlOperation handles both query and exec operations
-func sqlOperation(state *luajit.State, isQuery bool) int {
-	operation := "query"
-	if !isQuery {
-		operation = "exec"
-	}
-
-	// Get database name
-	if !state.IsString(1) {
-		state.PushString(fmt.Sprintf("sqlite.%s: database name must be a string", operation))
+// sqlQuery executes a SQL query and returns results
+func sqlQuery(state *luajit.State) int {
+	// Get required parameters
+	if state.GetTop() < 3 || !state.IsString(1) || !state.IsString(2) {
+		state.PushString("sqlite.query: requires database name, query, and optional parameters")
 		return -1
 	}
+
 	dbName := state.ToString(1)
-
-	// Get query
-	if !state.IsString(2) {
-		state.PushString(fmt.Sprintf("sqlite.%s: query must be a string", operation))
-		return -1
-	}
 	query := state.ToString(2)
-
-	// Generate a temporary connection ID if needed
-	defaultConnID := fmt.Sprintf("temp_%p", &query)
-
-	// Process parameters and get connection ID
-	params, connID, isPositional, positionalParams, err := processParams(state, defaultConnID)
-	if err != nil {
-		state.PushString(fmt.Sprintf("sqlite.%s: %s", operation, err.Error()))
-		return -1
-	}
+	connID := fmt.Sprintf("temp_%p", &query)
 
 	// Get connection
-	conn, pool, err := getConnection(dbName, connID)
+	conn, err := getConnection(dbName, connID)
 	if err != nil {
-		state.PushString(fmt.Sprintf("sqlite.%s: %s", operation, err.Error()))
+		state.PushString(fmt.Sprintf("sqlite.query: %s", err.Error()))
 		return -1
 	}
 
+	// Create execution options
+	var execOpts sqlitex.ExecOptions
+	rows := make([]map[string]any, 0, 16)
+
 	// For temporary connections, defer release
-	if strings.HasPrefix(connID, "temp_") {
-		defer func() {
-			sqliteManager.mu.Lock()
-			delete(sqliteManager.activeConns, connID)
-			sqliteManager.mu.Unlock()
-			pool.Put(conn)
-		}()
-	}
+	defer releaseConnection(connID)
 
-	// Prepare execution options
-	execOpts := prepareExecOptions(query, params, isPositional, positionalParams)
-
-	// Define rows slice outside the closure
-	var rows []map[string]any
-
-	// For queries, add result function
-	if isQuery {
-		execOpts.ResultFunc = func(stmt *sqlite.Stmt) error {
-			row := make(map[string]any)
-			columnCount := stmt.ColumnCount()
-
-			for i := range columnCount {
-				columnName := stmt.ColumnName(i)
-
-				switch stmt.ColumnType(i) {
-				case sqlite.TypeInteger:
-					row[columnName] = stmt.ColumnInt64(i)
-				case sqlite.TypeFloat:
-					row[columnName] = stmt.ColumnFloat(i)
-				case sqlite.TypeText:
-					row[columnName] = stmt.ColumnText(i)
-				case sqlite.TypeBlob:
-					blobSize := stmt.ColumnLen(i)
-					buf := make([]byte, blobSize)
-					row[columnName] = stmt.ColumnBytes(i, buf)
-				case sqlite.TypeNull:
-					row[columnName] = nil
-				}
+	// Set up parameters if provided
+	if state.GetTop() >= 3 {
+		if state.IsTable(3) {
+			params, err := state.ToTable(3)
+			if err != nil {
+				state.PushString(fmt.Sprintf("sqlite.query: invalid parameters: %s", err.Error()))
+				return -1
 			}
 
-			// Add row copy to results
-			rowCopy := make(map[string]any, len(row))
-			maps.Copy(rowCopy, row)
-			rows = append(rows, rowCopy)
-			return nil
+			// Check for array-style params
+			if arr, ok := params[""]; ok {
+				if arrParams, ok := arr.([]any); ok {
+					execOpts.Args = arrParams
+				} else if floatArr, ok := arr.([]float64); ok {
+					args := make([]any, len(floatArr))
+					for i, v := range floatArr {
+						args[i] = v
+					}
+					execOpts.Args = args
+				}
+			} else {
+				// Named parameters
+				named := make(map[string]any, len(params))
+				for k, v := range params {
+					if len(k) > 0 && k[0] != ':' {
+						named[":"+k] = v
+					} else {
+						named[k] = v
+					}
+				}
+				execOpts.Named = named
+			}
+		} else {
+			// Positional parameters
+			count := state.GetTop() - 2
+			args := make([]any, count)
+			for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+				idx := i + 3
+				switch state.GetType(idx) {
+				case luajit.TypeNumber:
+					args[i] = state.ToNumber(idx)
+				case luajit.TypeString:
+					args[i] = state.ToString(idx)
+				case luajit.TypeBoolean:
+					args[i] = state.ToBoolean(idx)
+				case luajit.TypeNil:
+					args[i] = nil
+				default:
+					val, err := state.ToValue(idx)
+					if err != nil {
+						state.PushString(fmt.Sprintf("sqlite.query: invalid parameter %d: %s", i+1, err.Error()))
+						return -1
+					}
+					args[i] = val
+				}
+			}
+			execOpts.Args = args
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Set up result function
+	execOpts.ResultFunc = func(stmt *sqlite.Stmt) error {
+		row := make(map[string]any)
+		colCount := stmt.ColumnCount()
+
+		for i := range colCount {
+			colName := stmt.ColumnName(i)
+			switch stmt.ColumnType(i) {
+			case sqlite.TypeInteger:
+				row[colName] = stmt.ColumnInt64(i)
+			case sqlite.TypeFloat:
+				row[colName] = stmt.ColumnFloat(i)
+			case sqlite.TypeText:
+				row[colName] = stmt.ColumnText(i)
+			case sqlite.TypeBlob:
+				blobSize := stmt.ColumnLen(i)
+				buf := make([]byte, blobSize)
+				row[colName] = stmt.ColumnBytes(i, buf)
+			case sqlite.TypeNull:
+				row[colName] = nil
+			}
+		}
+		rows = append(rows, row) // No need to copy, this row is used only once
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	// Execute query
-	var execErr error
-	if isQuery || execOpts.Args != nil || execOpts.Named != nil {
-		execErr = sqlitex.Execute(conn, query, execOpts)
-	} else {
-		// Use ExecScript for queries without parameters
-		execErr = sqlitex.ExecScript(conn, query)
-	}
-
-	if execErr != nil {
-		state.PushString(fmt.Sprintf("sqlite.%s: %s", operation, execErr.Error()))
+	if err := sqlitex.Execute(conn, query, &execOpts); err != nil {
+		state.PushString(fmt.Sprintf("sqlite.query: %s", err.Error()))
 		return -1
 	}
 
-	// Return results for query, affected rows for exec
-	if isQuery {
-		// Create result table with rows
-		state.NewTable()
-		for i, row := range rows {
-			state.PushNumber(float64(i + 1))
-			if err := state.PushTable(row); err != nil {
-				state.PushString(fmt.Sprintf("sqlite.%s: %s", operation, err.Error()))
-				return -1
-			}
-			state.SetTable(-3)
+	// Create result table
+	state.NewTable()
+	for i, row := range rows {
+		state.PushNumber(float64(i + 1))
+		if err := state.PushTable(row); err != nil {
+			state.PushString(fmt.Sprintf("sqlite.query: %s", err.Error()))
+			return -1
 		}
-	} else {
-		// Return number of affected rows
-		state.PushNumber(float64(conn.Changes()))
+		state.SetTable(-3)
 	}
 
 	return 1
 }
 
-// luaSQLQuery executes a SQL query and returns results to Lua
-func luaSQLQuery(state *luajit.State) int {
-	return sqlOperation(state, true)
-}
+// sqlExec executes a SQL statement without returning results
+func sqlExec(state *luajit.State) int {
+	// Get required parameters
+	if state.GetTop() < 2 || !state.IsString(1) || !state.IsString(2) {
+		state.PushString("sqlite.exec: requires database name and query")
+		return -1
+	}
 
-// luaSQLExec executes a SQL statement without returning results
-func luaSQLExec(state *luajit.State) int {
-	return sqlOperation(state, false)
+	dbName := state.ToString(1)
+	query := state.ToString(2)
+	connID := fmt.Sprintf("temp_%p", &query)
+
+	// Get connection
+	conn, err := getConnection(dbName, connID)
+	if err != nil {
+		state.PushString(fmt.Sprintf("sqlite.exec: %s", err.Error()))
+		return -1
+	}
+
+	// For temporary connections, defer release
+	defer releaseConnection(connID)
+
+	// Check if parameters are provided
+	hasParams := state.GetTop() >= 3 && !state.IsNil(3)
+	hasPlaceholders := strings.Contains(query, "?") || strings.Contains(query, ":")
+
+	// Fast path for simple queries with no parameters
+	if !hasParams || !hasPlaceholders {
+		if err := sqlitex.ExecScript(conn, query); err != nil {
+			state.PushString(fmt.Sprintf("sqlite.exec: %s", err.Error()))
+			return -1
+		}
+		state.PushNumber(float64(conn.Changes()))
+		return 1
+	}
+
+	// Create execution options for parameterized query
+	var execOpts sqlitex.ExecOptions
+
+	// Set up parameters
+	if state.IsTable(3) {
+		params, err := state.ToTable(3)
+		if err != nil {
+			state.PushString(fmt.Sprintf("sqlite.exec: invalid parameters: %s", err.Error()))
+			return -1
+		}
+
+		// Check for array-style params
+		if arr, ok := params[""]; ok {
+			if arrParams, ok := arr.([]any); ok {
+				execOpts.Args = arrParams
+			} else if floatArr, ok := arr.([]float64); ok {
+				args := make([]any, len(floatArr))
+				for i, v := range floatArr {
+					args[i] = v
+				}
+				execOpts.Args = args
+			}
+		} else {
+			// Named parameters
+			named := make(map[string]any, len(params))
+			for k, v := range params {
+				if len(k) > 0 && k[0] != ':' {
+					named[":"+k] = v
+				} else {
+					named[k] = v
+				}
+			}
+			execOpts.Named = named
+		}
+	} else {
+		// Positional parameters
+		count := state.GetTop() - 2
+		args := make([]any, count)
+		for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+			idx := i + 3
+			switch state.GetType(idx) {
+			case luajit.TypeNumber:
+				args[i] = state.ToNumber(idx)
+			case luajit.TypeString:
+				args[i] = state.ToString(idx)
+			case luajit.TypeBoolean:
+				args[i] = state.ToBoolean(idx)
+			case luajit.TypeNil:
+				args[i] = nil
+			default:
+				val, err := state.ToValue(idx)
+				if err != nil {
+					state.PushString(fmt.Sprintf("sqlite.exec: invalid parameter %d: %s", i+1, err.Error()))
+					return -1
+				}
+				args[i] = val
+			}
+		}
+		execOpts.Args = args
+	}
+
+	// Count the number of placeholders to validate parameter count
+	if execOpts.Args != nil {
+		placeholderCount := strings.Count(query, "?")
+		if len(execOpts.Args) > placeholderCount {
+			state.PushString(fmt.Sprintf("sqlite.exec: too many parameters provided (%d) for placeholders (%d)",
+				len(execOpts.Args), placeholderCount))
+			return -1
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Execute with parameters
+	if err := sqlitex.Execute(conn, query, &execOpts); err != nil {
+		state.PushString(fmt.Sprintf("sqlite.exec: %s", err.Error()))
+		return -1
+	}
+
+	// Return affected rows
+	state.PushNumber(float64(conn.Changes()))
+	return 1
 }
 
 // RegisterSQLiteFunctions registers SQLite functions with the Lua state
 func RegisterSQLiteFunctions(state *luajit.State) error {
-	if err := state.RegisterGoFunction("__sqlite_query", luaSQLQuery); err != nil {
+	if err := state.RegisterGoFunction("__sqlite_query", sqlQuery); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	return state.RegisterGoFunction("__sqlite_exec", luaSQLExec)
+	return state.RegisterGoFunction("__sqlite_exec", sqlExec)
 }